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Jogos
Jogar
Brinquedo, Jogo, Jogar
"A toy is an object you play with. (...) A good toy is an object that is fun to play with. (...) Fun is pleasure with surprises. (...) Play is manipulation that indulges curiosity. (...) A game is a problem-solving activity, approached with a playful attitude." - Jesse Schell
A experiência do jogador
"Games are merely an means to an end. On their own, games are just artifacts - clumps of cardboard, or bags of bits. Games are worthless unless people play them. Why is this? What magic happens when games are played? When people play games, they have an experience. It is this experience that the designer cares about. Without the experience, the game is worthless."
SCHELL, Jesse (2008): "The Art of Game Design". Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
Motivação e Emoção
Jogo
"The first videogame was probably the 1961 Spacewar! (...) Therefore, videogames are a comparatively new cultural form, (...) postdating literature, cinema and television. However, if we thing of videogames as games, they are not successors of cinema, print, literature, or new media, but continuations of a history of games that predate these by millenia. (...) the question is not wether videogames are old or new, but how videogames are games, how they borrow from non-electronic games, and how they depart from traditional game forms."
- Jesper Juul, in: Half-Real.
"Videogames are just a natural growth of traditional games into a new medium. The rules that govern them are still the same."
SCHELL, Jesse (2008): "The Art of Game Design". Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
Definições de Jogo
"Games are an exercise of voluntary control systems, in which there is a contest between powers, confined by rules in order to produce a disequilibrial outcome". - Elliot Avedon e Brian Sutton-Smith
"A game is an interactive structure of endogenous meaning that requires players to struggle toward a goal". - Greg Costikyan
"A game is a closed, formal system, that engages players in structured conflict, and resolves in an unequal outcome." - Tracy Fullerton, Chris Swain, Steven Hoffman
Destas definições, Jesse Schell sumariza 10 qualidades de jogos:
- Games are entered willfully.
- Games have goals.
- Games have conflict.
- Games have rules.
- Games can be won and lost.
- Games are interactive.
- Games have challenge.
- Games can create their own internal value.
- Games engage players
- Games are closed, formal systems.
"A game is a rule-based system with a variable and quantifiable outcome, where different outcomes are assigned different values, the player exerts effort in order to influence the outcome, the player feels emotionally attached to the outcome, and the consequences of the activity are negotiable."
- Jesper Juul, in: Half-Real
Elementos que constituem um jogo
- Mecânicas - as mecânicas do jogo descrevem as regras e as acções dos jogadores. São elas que definem o objectivo final do jogo, a forma como se pode alcançar esse objectivo, e o que acontece quando o tentam alcançar. Mecânicas são o que diferenciam jogos de outros meios de entretenimento. Livros, filmes, etc. têm narrativa, estética e tecnologia, mas não têm mecânicas. São as mecânicas que fazem do jogo um jogo.
- Narrativa - a sequência de eventos que decorre no jogo.
- Estética - a percepção sensorial e experiência do jogador.
- Tecnologia - os materiais e interacções que possibilitam o jogo. A forma como este se apresenta como artefacto.
Jogos Casuais
Jogos Sociais
Game Design
"Game Design is the act of deciding what a game should be."
SCHELL, Jesse (2008): "The Art of Game Design". Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
